Types of Valves Used in the Oil & Gas Industry
石油天然气行业使用的阀门类型

Learn about the different types of valves used in the oil and gas industry and their differences: API and ASME gate, globe, check, ball, and butterfly designs (manual or actuated, with forged and cast bodies). Briefly said, valves are mechanical devices used in piping applications to control, regulate and open/close the fluid’ s flow and pressure. Forged valves are used for small bore or high-pressure piping applications, cast valves for piping above 2 inches.

了解石油和天然气行业中使用的不同类型的阀门及其差异：API和ASME闸阀、截止阀、止回阀、球阀和蝶阀设计（手动或手动，锻造和铸造阀体）。简单地说，阀门是用于管道应用的机械设备，用于控制、调节和打开/关闭流体的流量和压力。锻造阀门用于小口径或高压管道应用，铸造阀门用于2英寸以上的管道。

WHAT IS A VALVE?
什么是阀门？

The different types of valves used in the petrochemical industry suit any of the following applications:
石油化工行业使用的不同类型的阀门适用于以下任何应用：

1. 1.Start/stop the flow of the fluid (hydrocarbons, oil & gas, steam, water, acids) through the pipeline (example: gate valve, ball valve, butterfly valve, knife gate valve, or plug valve)流体（碳氢化合物、油气、蒸汽、水、酸）通过管道（例如：闸阀区室、球阀区室、蝶阀区室、刀闸阀区室或岩塞区室）

2. 2.Modulate the flow of the fluid through the pipeline (example: globe valve)流体通过管道的流量（例如：截止区室）

3. 3.Control the flow of the fluid (control valve)流体（指挥控制通信与情报系统区室）

4. 4.Change the direction of the flow (for example a 3-way ball valve)流量（例如三通区室）

5. 5.Regulate the pressure of a process (pressure reducing valve)过程（压强区室）

6. 6.Protect a piping system or a device (pump, motor, tank) from overpressures (safety or pressure relief) or back-pressures (check valve)来自超压（安全性或压强）或背压（指挥控制通信与情报系统区室）的管道系统或器件（泵、电机、储罐）

7. 7.Filter debris flowing through a pipeline, to protect equipment that may be damaged by solid parts (y and basket strainers)流经管道，以保护可能被固体零件（y形和篮式过滤器）损坏的设备

VALVE TYPES
阀门类型

Valves used in the oil and gas industry and for piping applications can be classified in multiple ways:
石油天然气行业和管道应用中使用的阀门料袋分为多种类型：

VALVES BY DISC TYPE
阀盘类型

1. ·LINEAR MOTION: gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch, and check valves线性运动：闸阀、截止阀、隔[膜]阀、夹管阀和指挥控制通信与情报系统阀

2. ·ROTARY MOTION: butterfly, ball, plug, eccentricand swing check valves旋转运动：蝶阀、球阀、岩塞阀、偏心和旋启式指挥控制通信与情报系统阀

3. ·QUARTER TURN: devices that require approximately a quarter turn motion, from 0 to 90° of the stem to move from fully close to a fully open position or vice versa.四分之一圈：需要大约四分之一圈运动的装置，从阀杆的0到90°从完全关闭位置移动到完全打开位置，反之亦然。

VALVES BY BODY MATERIAL
阀体材料阀门

1. ·CAST (the body is obtained by casting steel). The main casting materials for valves are listed in this article.毛细成形技术（主体通过浇铸获得）。本发音列出了阀门的主要浇铸材料。

2. ·FORGED (the body is manufactured by forging steel)锻造（主体由锻钢制成）

VALVES BY TYPE OF ACTUATION
按驱动类型划分的阀门

1. ·MANUAL: the valve is operated manually, via levers, wheels and/or gears;手动：通过杠杆、车轮和/或齿轮手动操作区室；

2. ·ACTUATED: the valve is actioned via electromechanical devices, called actuators, that may be electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and gas over oil驱动：区室通过机电设备（被叫执行器）进行操作，这些设备可以是电动、气动、液压和油上气体

VALVE BY DESIGN
阀门设计

1. ·PINCH VALVE: This is a type of linear motion valve that can be used for throttling and shut-off application in piping applications that handle solid materials, slurries and dense fluids. A pinch valve features a pinch tube to regulate the flow.夹管阀：这是一种线性运动区室，料袋用于处理固体材料、泥浆和稠密流体的管道应用中的节流和关闭敷贴。夹管区室具有一个夹管波导来调节流量。

1. ·CONTROL VALVE: these are valves to automate complex petrochemical processes.控制阀：这些阀门用于自动化情结的石化过程。

VALVE SIZES
阀门尺寸

ASME B16.34: VALVE COMPLIANCE
ASME B16。34：阀门顺应性

Back in 1988, the scope of this standard was modified to include threaded-end and weld-end valves in addition to flanged-end valves.
早在1988年，该标准的范围已修改为包含螺纹端和焊接端阀门以及法兰端阀门。

A valve complies with ASME B16.34 when the following conditions are met:
区室符合ASME B16。34当满足以下条件时：

1. ·The valves body & shell materials comply with ASME and ASTM material standards for chemistry and strength阀门主体和壳体材料符合ASME和ASTM化学和强度材料标准

2. ·Body & shell materials are heat-treated to ensure proper grain structure, corrosion resistance, and hardness.主体和壳体材料经过热处理，以确保适当的晶粒结构、耐腐蚀性和硬度。

3. ·Wall thicknesses of body and other pressure-containing components meet ASME B16.34 specified minimum values for each pressure class.主体和其他承压部件的壁厚符合ASME B16。34每个压强组的规定最小值。

4. ·NPT and SW end connections comply with ASME B1.20.1 or ASME B16.11.NPT和SW端部连接符合ASME B1。20.1或ASME B16。11

5. ·Stems are internally loaded and blowout proof.阀杆具有内部负载和防喷功能。

6. ·All bolting will be ASTM grade with maximum applied stress controlled by B16.34.所有螺栓应为ASTM级，最大施加应力由B16控制。34

7. ·Each valve is shell tested at 1,5x rated pressure for a specific test time duration.每个区室在1.5x额定压强下进行特定衣壳时间的外壳测试。

8. ·Each valve is tested for seat leakage in both directions for a specific test time duration.在特定的衣壳时间内，测试每个区室在两个方向上的阀座泄漏。

9. ·Each valve is permanently tagged with materials of construction, operating limits and name of the manufacturer.每个区室都永久性地贴上施工材料、动作极限和制造商名称的标签。

CONTROL VALVES
控制阀

A control valve is used in the oil and gas industry to regulate the flow rate of the fluid in a pipeline or process (and the related process parameters as pressure, temperature, and level) according to signals managed by a controller. The role of a flow control valve in the complex petrochemical process is key, as the multiple loops involved in the process should be kept under strict and dynamic control to make sure that the process, as a whole, works as intended and produces the desired output in terms of quantity, quality and time.
指挥控制通信与情报系统区室用于石油和天然气行业，根据控制器管理的信号调节管道或过程中流体的流速（以及压强、温度和层次等相关过程参数）。流量指挥控制通信与情报系统区室在情结石化过程中的作用至关重要，因为过程中涉及的多个回路应保持在严格的动态指挥控制通信与情报系统下，以确保整个过程按预期工作，并在数量、质量和时间方面产生预期的输出。

The application of flow control valves is increasing in the last years, due to growing process automation in most industries.
由于大多数行业的过程自动化程度不断提高，流量指挥控制通信与情报系统阀的敷贴在过去几年中不断增加。

These type of valves are used in irrigation systems, water treatment plants, oil and gas plants, power generation, fire prevention systems, food processing industries by streamlining the response to changes in processes and providing greater safety to personnel and equipment.
此类阀门用于灌溉系统、水处理厂、石油和天然气厂、幂、消防系统、食品加工行业，简化了对工艺变化的响应，并为人员和设备提供了更大的安全性。

A flow control valve used in the oil and gas industry can have a globe, butterfly, or ball shape, and is available in multiple material grades and sizes. The most used type of actuator is the air-operated, as it involves less ancillary equipment (as cabling, switchgear) when compared to other types of actuators.
石油和天然气工业中使用的流量指挥控制通信与情报系统区室可以是球形、蝶形或球号型，并且有多种材料等级和尺寸。最常用的执行机构类型是气动执行机构，因为与其他类型的执行机构相比，它涉及的辅助设备（如电缆、开关设备）更少。

The opening and closing of the valve and its regulation are done by the combined effect of an electronic controller, a positioner and the actuator of the valve (which can be electric, pneumatic or hydraulic).
区室的开启和关闭及其调节是由电子控制器、定位器和区室执行器（料袋是电动、气动或液压）的组合作用完成的。

The actuator opens and closes the control valve in response to changes in key process parameters, such as changes in pressure, level, temperature, and flow.
执行器打开和关闭指挥控制通信与情报系统区室，以响应关键过程参数的变化，例如压强、层次、温度和流量的变化。

By such action, the process parameters are maintained within the required target range to make sure the process, as a whole, works as intended and produces an end product in the desired quantity and quality.
通过这样的行动，将工艺参数保持在所需的目标岭内，以确保整个工艺按预期工作，并以所需的数量和质量生产最终产品。

FLOW CONTROL VALVE COMPONENTS
流量控制阀部件

The main components of a control valve are:
指挥控制通信与情报系统区室的主要部件包括：

1. ·the : where the modulating element is contained and operates调制装置包含并运行的位置valvebody

2. ·the : which is the element to control the degree of the valve opening and is mounted on the body of the valve是指挥控制通信与情报系统区室开启连接度的装置，安装在区室的主体上positioner

3. ·the : is the device that is used to move the modulating element of the valve, for example, the ball (ball valves), the disc (butterfly) or the stem (globe valves)：是用于移动区室调制装置的器件，例如，球阀、蝶形阀瓣或阀杆（截止阀）actuator

4. ·the 这个controller

FLOW CONTROL VALVE ACTUATORS
流量控制阀执行器

The selection of actuators is based on the required thrust of the rod and the movement of the valve.
执行机构的选择基于所需的拦门沙推力和区室的运动。

Engineers must determine if the diagram or piston actuator is the most suitable type. Actuators are the primary energy source used to move and position the flow control element within the valve body.
工程师必须确定图表或活塞执行器是否是最合适的类型。执行器是用于在区室主体内移动和定位流量指挥控制通信与情报系统装置的主要能源。

A variety of types are available, including pneumatic, electric, hydraulic, electro-hydraulic and manual. Pneumatic actuators are the most widely used for throttling applications.
品种类型可用，包括气动、电动、液压、电液和手动。气动执行器是节流应用中应用最广泛的。

Considered the standard for automatic control for more than a century, three types of pneumatic actuators are available: piston, spring-and-diaphragm, and rotary vane. The first two can be adapted for use on either rotary or sliding-stem valves; the latter is used only on rotary valves.
作为一个多世纪以来的自动指挥控制通信与情报系统标准，有三种类型的气动执行器可用：活塞、弹簧和隔膜以及旋转叶片。前两个料袋适用于旋转或滑动阀杆阀；后者仅用于旋转阀。

FLOW CONTROL VALVE ACCESSORIES
流量控制阀配件

Normally, the selection of accessories such as positioners transducers, boosters, solenoid valves, limit switches, handwheels and travel stop, snubbers, regulators, transmission lines, is based on engineering specifications.
通常，根据工程规范选择附件，如定位器、传感器、增压器、电磁阀、限位开关、手轮和行程止动器、缓冲器、调节器、传输线路。

Cost is a major factor in material selection.
成本是材料选择的主要因素。

Not just the cost of material in dollars per pound, but also the cost of fabrication and inspection contribute to the uninstalled cost of the valve. Installed cost includes not only the cost of installation but also the cost of any damage from improper installation and costs the inspection.
区室的未安装成本不仅包括材料成本（单位：美元/磅），还包括制造和检查成本。安装成本不仅包括安装成本，还包括因安装不当而造成的任何损坏的成本和检查成本。

The latter consists of such things as analysis of material chemistry, radiographic and surface examination of castings and welds, and check to see that the installed valve is the correct one and that it is properly oriented.
后者包括材料化学的分析、铸件和焊缝的射线照相和表面检查，以及指挥控制通信与情报系统，以确保安装的区室是正确的，并且方向正确。

The selection of the appropriate or optimal control valve type depends on the particular study of the pipe system and the conditions of its fluid, but the size of the control valve should be such that pressure drops through it and not the drop of pressure of the pipe is the one that controls the flow.
适当或最佳指挥控制通信与情报系统区室类型的选择取决于对导管系统及其流体条件的特殊研究，但指挥控制通信与情报系统区室的尺寸应确保压强通过其下降，而不是控制流量的导管压强的泥阱。

All valves, including steam control valves, are designed to meet an allowable internal leakage standard (FCI / ANSI). The higher the number of leaks, the lower the permissible internal leakage rate.
所有阀门，包括蒸汽指挥控制通信与情报系统阀，均设计为符合允许的内部泄漏标准（FCI/ANSI）。泄漏数量越高，允许的内部泄漏率越低。

A Class I valve will have the highest internal leakage rate and usually the lowest cost; While a Class VI valve will have the lowest allowable internal leakage rate. Steam valves must be specified to have a leak rate of not less than Class IV. A class IV steam control valve will maintain a long service life.
组碘区室的内部泄漏率最高，通常成本最低；而组区室的允许内部泄漏率最低。必须规定蒸汽阀的泄漏率不低于组。组蒸汽指挥控制通信与情报系统区室将保持较长的使用寿命。

FLOW CONTROL VALVES TYPES
流量控制阀类型

Control valves can be classified into two main types, based on the stem movement:
根据阀杆运动，指挥控制通信与情报系统阀料袋分为两种主要类型：

1. ·Linear motion/reciprocating: globe (straight, angle, 3-way), diaphragm and, pinch control valves：截止阀（直、角、三通）、隔[膜]阀和夹管指挥控制通信与情报系统阀

2. ·Rotary stem: ball, butterfly and, plug control valves types：球阀、蝶阀和岩塞指挥控制通信与情报系统阀类型

Globe control valves can be either single or double seat.
球形指挥控制通信与情报系统阀可以是单座或双座。

CONTROL VALVE SELECTION
控制阀选择

Process engineers must consider many factors to select the correct control valve. The general criteria to be considered for selection are summarized below:
过程工程师必须考虑许多因素来选择正确的指挥控制通信与情报系统区室。选择时需要考虑的一般标准总结如下：

1. ·Type of control; the degree of control; the degree of shutoff.指挥控制通信与情报系统类型；连接度的指挥控制通信与情报系统；关闭的连接度。

2. ·Design temperature; design pressure; allowable pressure drop.设计温度；设计压强；允许的压强泥阱。

3. ·Fluid corrosivity; fluid erosion properties; other characteristics, such as fouling or coking.流体腐蚀性；流体冲蚀特性；其他特性，如结垢或结焦。

4. ·Inherent characteristics, such as valve Cv: degree of hazard from leakage; heat or cold conservation; cost.固有特性，如区室Cv：泄漏的连接度；发情或寒守恒；费用

As the design criteria are known, process engineers can proceed to make a selection of the correct type of control valve and related equipment, as well as the material of the valve itself.
众所周知，工艺工程师料袋继续选择正确类型的指挥控制通信与情报系统区室和相关设备，以及区室本身的材料。

The next step is to create the detailed specification (generally drafted by a specialized piping engineer) and create a purchase specification describing the valve for suppliers.
下一步是创造详细规范（通常由专业管道工程师起草），并为供应商创造描述区室的采购规范。

The specification should contain, as minimum: a description of the type of control valve (rotary, sliding); bore size and pressure rating; end-connections; type of body joints; material specification for body components, trim, gaskets and bolting; positioner and controller requirements; a reference to an industry design standard for type of valve.
规范至少应包含：指挥控制通信与情报系统区室类型的摹状[词]（旋转、滑动）；孔径和压强额定值；端部连接；主体关节类型；主体部件、平衡点、垫片和螺栓的材料规范；定位器和控制器要求；区室类型的工业设计标准参考。

Generally, a computerized system help engineers determine the most suited control valve and its features based on process parameters.
通常，计算机系统帮助工程师根据过程参数确定最合适的指挥控制通信与情报系统区室及其特性。

CONTROL VALVES INSTALLATION
控制阀安装

1. ·Always expand the discharge steam line piping at least one pipe diameter. It is not uncommon to expand the discharge piping at least two or three pipe diameters. It should be noted that the expansion of the pipe reduces the valve outlet velocities thus prolonging the valve life. The valve manufacturer will provide the appropriate pipe size after the control valve. Match the pipe size to the heat transfer inlet connection.始终将排放蒸汽管线管道至少扩展一个导管直径。通常情况下，将排放管道扩展至至少两到三个导管直径。应注意的是，导管的膨胀降低了区室出口速度，从而延长了区室的寿命。区室制造商将在指挥控制通信与情报系统区室之后提供适当的导管尺寸。将导管尺寸与发情入口联结匹配。

2. ·The distance after the steam control valve should be at least ten pipe diameters before the inlet connection of any heat transfer. In pressure reduction applications at least 20 horizontal pipe diameters must be left before a change of flow direction.在任何发情的入口联结之前，蒸汽指挥控制通信与情报系统区室之后的距离应至少为十个导管直径。在压强复位术应用中，在变化流动方向之前，必须保留至少20个水平导管直径。

3. ·The control valve must always be installed in a horizontal vapor line, never vertically.指挥控制通信与情报系统区室必须始终安装在水平蒸汽管线中，不得垂直安装。

4. ·It is more important to properly select the valve at low flow operating conditions that at its assumed high flow operating conditions.更重要的是，在低流量动作条件下正确选择区室，而不是在假设的高流量动作条件下。

5. ·Bypass valves must be used in the control valve installation. The by-pass valve is used to allow the personnel of the industrial facility to operate the process without the control valve if valve failure or maintenance reactive, preventive and predictive.指挥控制通信与情报系统区室安装中必须使用旁通阀。如果区室失效或维护反应性、预防性和预测性，旁通区室用于允许工业设施的人员在没有指挥控制通信与情报系统区室的情况下操作过程。

6. ·Installing pressure gauges before and after the steam control valve allows the line diagnostics in real time. The importance of proper installation cannot be overstated. In many cases, the source of a troublesome startup can be traced to a control valve that is not properly installed. It is strongly recommended that personnel with an instrumentation background be used at least to supervise the installation and setup of control valves.在蒸汽指挥控制通信与情报系统区室前后安装压强计可以实时进行管路诊断。正确安装的重要性怎么强调都不为过。在许多情况下，故障启动料袋追溯到未正确安装的指挥控制通信与情报系统区室。强烈建议至少使用具有仪表背景的人员监督指挥控制通信与情报系统阀的安装和设置。

HOW TO ORDER A VALVE
转换字符订购阀门

Manufacturers of valves used in the oil and gas industry need to know the following information to supply the right device:
石油和天然气行业使用的阀门制造商需要了解以下信息才能提供正确的器件：

1. ·Valve type区室类型

2. ·Bore size in NPS or DN北极星序或DN中的孔径

3. ·Valve pressure rating (class range from 150# to 4500#)区室压强额定值（组岭150#到4500#）